Assess the usefulness of the Hypodermic Syringe model of...

Mass Media (Q) Assess the usefulness of the Hypodermic Syringe model of the mass media. The hypodermic Syringe Model (HSM) is an early theory model, which believes that there is a direct correlation between the violence and anti-social behaviour portrayed in different media types (e.g. Television, computer games and films). Sociologists found that the most venerable audience to the HSM are children and teenagers. this is because they are still in the early stages of socialization so are therefore very impressionable. A prime example to support this theory is the case of Jamie Bugler. Jamie was a 2 year old boy that was abducted and murdered by two 10 year old boys. The boys had apparently watched Childs Play 3 before they murdered†¦show more content†¦It was then suggested that by watching an exciting film aggressive energy is released into safe outlets as the viewers immerse themselves in the action. This is known as Catharsis. Further problems have also been identified with the various research conducted above in the methodology of hypodermic syringe studies (e.g. Banduras have been questioned). The studies (noted by Gauntlett) have often been completed in the laboratory which, as previously mentioned, creates low validity as they are in an artificial context and are not in a natural setting. Children especially do not behave naturally under these environments and conditions, so this can make the sociologists findings questionable. Small sample sizes are often used, which means that the findings cannot be generalised. this means that the results cannot be applied to a greater audience with confidence as some of the results may not be the same when the experiment is carried out with more people. Another criticism against the HSM is that some studies are not entirely clear on how violence is defined as there are a number of different types of violence that are put into different categories (for example, auth entic violence from war pictures compared with sporting violence such as boxing). This is associated with whether these different types of violenceShow MoreRelatedHypodermic Syringe Model1453 Words   |  6 PagesUsing material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the usefulness of the Hypodermic Syringe Model of the Mass Media (33 marks) The Hypodermic Syringe Model suggests that the media are strong and the audience is weak and passive. This means that the messages the media portrays, society will instantly believe without questioning the ideas and morals behind this. The model suggests that children are more susceptible to the messages in the media and accept the information provided as they have not fullyRead MoreSociology A2 Revision 2012 34479 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿ Unit 3 exam: Wednesday 13th June, am Unit 4 exam: Tuesday 19th June, pm Easter Revision: tbc A2 Syllabus: AQA Sociology GCE (new specification) Unit 3: Mass Media (SCLY3) Worth 20% of your final A Level Written paper, 1 hour 30 minutes 60 marks available Unit 4: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (SCLY4) Worth 30% of your final A Level Written paper, 2 hours 90 marks available Timetable Use your revision checklists to draw up a timetable for revision leading up to the exam. Make

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Nurses Role in PACU

Question: Describe about the Nurses Role in PACU. Answer: Efficient pain management techniques are essential components in the delivery of quality patient care. Nurses play a significant role in facilitating this by employing a broad range of innovative and acquired mechanisms which are geared towards allaying patients pain. A typical setting where these techniques are exemplified is the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) where patients are placed temporarily after a major surgery. Nurses perform some roles to facilitate pain reduction. Firstly, according to Kastrup, Seeling, Barthel, Bloch, Spies, Scheller Braun (2012), nurses conduct various assessments to establish the point of emanation of the pain and any factor that might be associated with it. This entails allowing patients to depict areas of tenderness besides describing its nature. This allows selection of appropriate pain-relieving interventions and utilizing them beside prioritizing the major areas of concern. For those patients who may not be in a position to verbalize their pain, unnecessary movements or discomfort are be used to analyze whether the patient has any pain. Secondly, they play a role in the safe administration of non-opioid analgesics to counter reception of pain. Currently, opioid medications for pain management are supposed to be administered as adjunctive analgesics (Kastrup, et al. 2012). Following surgery, sensory pathways are triggered to transmit pain impulses from the altered tissues to the nervous system which culminates the situation. Drugs such as acetaminophen are effective in the quick curbing of the pain. Employing physical techniques such as massage and repositioning as part of the non-pharmacological ways of approaching pain is another technique that is used in PACU by nurses. This is geared towards altering the patients physiological processes. Massage not only increases blood supply to the altered tissues but also reduces pain reception. Reposition aids in relieving pressure on the affected tissues besides facilitating a sufficient blood flow (Kastrup et al. 2012). A patients reaction to this techniques should dictate whether they are efficient or alternative means should be employed. In addition, a nurse ought to collaborate with other care providers in order to ascertain the point of emanation of the pain. Mutual decision-making facilitates effective management of the pain. For instance, the anesthetist can be consulted on the possible side effects of using some drugs while the patient is in the process of from anesthesia. Establishing an empathetic relationship with the patient facilitates the creation of a therapeutic environment which ultimately aids in the elimination of pain. The patient finds it easy to report any episodes of pain thus allowing the nurse to intervene before deterioration. A nurse should not depict sympathy no matter how painful the tenderness is unless it is done in order to change the mindset of the patient. Employing cognitive techniques such as encouraging the patient to meditate about a certain subject makes him be distracted as his focus deviates away from the pain (Sibille, Kindler, Glover, Gonzalez, Staud, Riley Fillingim, 2011). Progressive monitoring of the general condition of the patients should also be prioritized as it gives a trend of what the prognosis of the pain or condition might be. Older patients are likely to be prone to diseases, unlike young people. This affects the pharmacokinetic changes that are usually associated with opioid usages. The elderly are more sensitive to them when compared to the younger age groups. They have a higher level of unbound and active substances besides having slightly different drug redistribution (Ganter, Michael, Blumenthal, Stephan, Du?bendorfer, Seraina, Brunnschweiler, Simone, Hofer, Tim, Klaghofer, Richard, Zollinger, Andreas Christoph, 2014). An increase in age facilitates protraction redistribution of opioids to the liver which results in prolonged metabolism and an increase in duration of the effects. Opioids such as propofal and ketamine increase the risks of acquiring diseases such as delirium when administered in doses that dont resonate well with the age group of the patient. Advance in age declines the number of neurons in the body reduces due to auto regulation and hence their pain reception is less pronounced than in young people. This facilitates the use of lower doses because efficacy is still achieved with the small doses. Moreover, administration of a dose similar to all age groups is likely to predispose the elderly to respiratory distress. Therefore, vulnerability to respiratory distress is increased with advancement in age. Weight affects the ratio of adipose tissue to the lean mass of the body. Lean body mass is employed in determining the dosage of the opioid medications (Faraj, Vegesna, Mudali, Khairay, Nissar, Alfarhan Sabir, 2012). Different weights ultimately lead to different cardiac output which affects the rate of distribution of the drugs. Patients with more weight are given much attention because they are vulnerable to respiratory distress if advanced dosages are administered to them. Lighter patients have a reduced cardiac output hence redistribution of the drugs is not pronounced like in patients with bigger weights. This necessitates the use of slightly higher doses in them. References Faraj, J. H., Vegesna, A. R., Murali, I. N., Khairy, M. A., Nissar, S., Alfarhan, M., Sabir, K., ... Go, T. (January 01, 2012). Survey and management of anesthesia-related complications in PACU.Qatar Medical Journal,2012,2, 64-70. Ganter, Michael T, Blumenthal, Stephan, Du?bendorfer, Seraina, Brunnschweiler, Simone, Hofer, Tim, Klaghofer, Richard, Zollinger, Andreas, ... Hofer, Christoph K. (2014).The length of stay in the post-anaesthesia care unit correlates with pain intensity, nausea and vomiting on arrival. (info:doi/10.1186/s13741-014-0010-8.) BioMed Central. Kastrup, Marc, Seeling k, Matthes, Barthel, Stefan, Bloch, Andy, le Claire, Marie, Spies, Was Claudia, Scheller, Matthias, Braun, Jan. (2012).Effects of intensivist coverage in the post-anaesthesia care unit on surgical patients' case mix and characteristics of the intensive care unit. (BioMed Central Ltd.) BioMed Central Ltd. Kastrup, M., Seeling, M.J, Barthel, S., Bloch, A., le, C. M., Spies, C., Scheller, M. Braun, J. (January 01, 2012). Effects of intensivist coverage in the post-anaesthesia care unit on surgical patients' case management and characteristics of the intensive care unit.Critical Care (London, England),16,4.) Sibille, K. T., Kindler, L. S. L., Glover, T. L., Gonzalez, R. D., Staud, R., Riley, I. I. I. J. L., Fillingim, R. B. (July 01, 2011). Individual Differences in Morphine and Butorphanol Analgesia: A Laboratory Pain Study.Pain Medicine,12,7, 1076-1085.

Problem of Smoke

Over the past, smoking has posed a big danger to the community. Many people have become victims of smoking both directly and indirectly. The people who are affected directly are the smokers themselves while those who are affected indirectly are the people who stay near the people who smoke. Smoking therefore poses a very big problem especially to people who live as a group or as a community. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problem of Smoke-free Campus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In campus, the issue of smoking has been a major problem. This is due to the risks associated with smoking to the students as well as the workers. However, the issue of whether smoking should be outside or inside the campus has been controversial. Discussion From my point of view, smoking should completely be barred from all public places where people are mixed up. This is because smoking has been found to affect both the smokers as well as those staying around them. Therefore, when smoking is carried out inside the campus, those people who are non-smokers will also be affected. Some will even be forced to move away from the places like entertainment halls in case someone smokes around them. This denies them their right as individuals. In other words, people should smoke outside the campus to avoid interfering with other people’s lives. Another reason why people must smoke outside the campus is to avoid peer influence into smoking activities. Peer influence is one of the main ways through which people are ‘recruited’ into smoking. Therefore, by allowing smokers to interact with non-smokers while smoking in campus, this may cause non smokers to adopt the vice. Thus, people should smoke outside the campus to avoid such temptations. Also, smoking is closely associated with abuse of other drugs like cocaine. Most of the people who smoke are also victims of other drugs. Therefore, banning smok ing within the campus will still be preventing the spread of other drugs’ abuse among the campus students. In the same way, banning smoking within the campus will make smoking a burden to the smokers. This is because they will be forced to move outside the campus every time they want to smoke. In the long run, this may encourage the smokers to quit smoking.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Smoking in the campus will expose every person residing in the compound to secondary smoke. That is, both students and workers who work around the campus. Smoking has been associated with very many diseases. For instance, smoking has been a major cause of lung cancer. Smoking is also associated with other breathing and the general respiration system complications. Therefore, smoking within the campus increases the cases of illnesses. Consequently, this increases health care service c osts incurred by institutions in treating students and other workers within the campus. Most of the people suffering from the lung cancer are smokers. Therefore, smoking outside the campus protects non smokers from acquiring such illnesses. Conclusion In conclusion, this discussion has clearly shown that smoking in campus is very dangerous. Many problems can be avoided by banning smoking within the campus. For instance, it will be possible to protect non smokers from illnesses associated with smoking. It will also be possible to protect non smokers from the temptation of engaging themselves in the vice. Therefore, smoking should be abolished from within the campus by designating smoking zones outside the campus. This essay on Problem of Smoke-free Campus was written and submitted by user Alma N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.